Fabrice Bellard: Biography (2009) [pdf]
Key topics
A 2009 biography of Fabrice Bellard, a legendary programmer, has sparked a lively discussion about his accomplishments and potential use of modern coding tools. Commenters debated whether the biography was outdated, with some noting that it didn't mention projects after 2009, while others shared additional context and insights about Bellard's work. One commenter wondered if Bellard had started using LLM coding tools, only to be surprised by the revelation that he had actually written his own: a TypeScript type checker powered by a neural network. The discussion highlights Bellard's enduring influence and the ongoing fascination with his work.
Snapshot generated from the HN discussion
Discussion Activity
Very active discussionFirst comment
1h
Peak period
26
0-3h
Avg / period
8.3
Based on 125 loaded comments
Key moments
- 01Story posted
Dec 24, 2025 at 1:17 PM EST
16 days ago
Step 01 - 02First comment
Dec 24, 2025 at 2:35 PM EST
1h after posting
Step 02 - 03Peak activity
26 comments in 0-3h
Hottest window of the conversation
Step 03 - 04Latest activity
Dec 26, 2025 at 11:33 AM EST
14 days ago
Step 04
Generating AI Summary...
Analyzing up to 500 comments to identify key contributors and discussion patterns
Want the full context?
Jump to the original sources
Read the primary article or dive into the live Hacker News thread when you're ready.
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2555654 (2011)
My favorite line from the biography:
> [As a child] Bellard was drawn to electronic devices. His first word was magnétophone (tape recorder).
Fabrice Bellard [pdf] - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2555654 - May 2011 (29 comments)
I guess we can throw these in too although it was presumably a different article:
Fabrice Bellard: Portrait of a Super-Productive Programmer (2011) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=32795067 - Sept 2022 (26 comments)
Fabrice Bellard: Portrait of a Super-Productive Programmer (2011) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6941135 - Dec 2013 (24 comments)
Fabrice Bellard: Portrait of a super-productive programmer (2011) - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=5187585 - Feb 2013 (155 comments)
Fabrice Bellard: Portrait of a superproductive programmer - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2555867 - May 2011 (8 comments)
I doubt he is ideologically opposed to them, given his work on LLM compression [1]
He codes mostly in C, which I'm sure is mostly "memorized" by now. i.e. if you have been programming in C for a few decades, you almost certainly have a deep bench of your own code that you routinely go back to / copy and modify
In most cases, I don't see an LLM helping there. It could be "out of distribution", similar to what Karpathy said about writing his latest complete LLM system
Now that I think of it, Bellard would probably train his own LLM on his own code :-)
He has all the knowledge to do that ... I could see that becoming a paid closed-source project, like some of his other ones [2]
[1] e.g. https://bellard.org/ts_zip/
[2] https://bellard.org/lte/
Maybe that is a hint that he does use off-the-shelf models as a coding aid?
There may be no need to train your own, on your own code, but it's fun to think about
When the coding assistant LLMs load for a while it's because they are sending Fabrice an email and he corrects it and replies synchronously.
That’s kind of a weird speculation to make about creative people and their processes.
If Caravaggio had had a computer with Photoshop, if Eintein had had a computer with Matlab, would they have been more productive? Is it a question that even makes sense?
Absolutely. It's a very intriguing thought invoking the opposite of the point you're trying to make.
AI is the same, for example creating slop or virtual girlfriends.
I doubt it. I follow him and look at the code he writes and it's well thought out and organized. It's the exact opposite of AI slop I see everywhere.
> He codes mostly in C, which I'm sure is mostly "memorized". i.e. if you have been programming in C for a few decades,
C I think he memorized a long time ago. It's more like he keeps the whole structure and setup of the program (the context) in his head and is able to "see it" all and operate on it. He is so good that people are insinuating he is actually "multiple people" or he uses an LLM and so on. I imagine he is quite amused reading those comments.
Real programming is 0.1% typing. Typing speed is not a limiting factor for any serious development.
Or it can review for any subtle bugs too. :)
C or asm are not obscure languages or anything, they are brutal languages where you have to trace runtime from A to Z, and manage the memory.
In 1990, it was absolutely normal to code in C. Yes you had to decode images yourself, yes you had to decode audio, yes you had to raytrace, etc.
This was the norm, just that it became some sort of archeology.
It is like a newer generation who did not have calculators: “wow Einstein, you had to calculate all of these by hand ?
Yes my friend everybody had to do that in my time, what else could we do ?
So we took books, and tried to workaround”.
Free time won’t guarantee you success, but free time + obsession will.
Really, this is not alien tech.
Before FFmpeg, people had to encode the videos. Before emulators someone had to create the state machine, etc. All these people it would be insane to ignore them.
> the main thing you need is free time and obsession (and money for your free time btw).
Free time (and money for your free time) is a privilege not everyone may have had. Also, access to computers which, don't forget, has only become ubiquitous this century, and sadly not always in the form that might encourage experimentation. Without getting too much into the Nature-Nurture debate, talent and obsession sadly won't go anywhere without the proper environment to cultivate it. You don't become Bellard/Knuth/Dijkstra with just a bunch of rocks[1] and a whole host of other concerns on top.
[1] https://xkcd.com/505/
I'm aware :(
(I maintain one, one written by my Swedish friends, whom too were obsessed.)
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
>Fabrice won International Obfuscated C Code Contest three times and you need a certain mindset to create code like that—which creeps into your other work. So despite his implementation of FFmpeg was fast-working, it was not very nice to debug or refactor, especially if you’re not Fabrice
Maybe but what’s the point? Hell, I might guess he is terrible at jiggling and basket weaving, too. Complete failure as wrestler, even. But that is kind of neither here or there. Or is it you think staff title at faangs is some kind of pinnacle position every engineer should strive for? It actually always strikes me as a funny title. In college when they didn’t have a specific professor to teach or just going to use a grad student they put “staff” in the name box so in my mind it’s associated with a random lower rung student who couldn’t get away doing just research.
Fabrice Bellard is not a 10x engineer, he is a 100x engineer. You could attach him to a good people manager and either build a team around him or allow him to work independently on a project that he finds exciting that also aligns with company goals.
It does not make them 100x. It makes them good in what they like to do (writing obfuscated or low-level code, or implementing from scratch from specifications).
I am definitely not talking about art.
When I refer to 100x engineer, I'm referring to the impact that QEMU and FFmpeg have had on the world. I would be surprised if anyone who is familiar with these two projects would disagree that they have been highly impactful.
I wish for you to one day have to face the same problems he did.
What kind of point are you making?
Bellard wouldn't apply and be interviewed like some Stanford grad. He would be head hunted and told he can do whatever he wants and receive a massive amount of compensation.
I'm not sure why you woulf assert he wouldn't pass the interview that seems totally outrageous.
Given his alma mater and the way the French education system works, he performed too-of-France at “solve math problems on a blackboard in front of someone” after two years of grinding math problems including extensive practice for the aforementioned “solve math problems on a blackboard in front of someone”. I think he could manage. FAANG interview is basically a CS khôlle.
He might as well be but why would he give a flying fuck about it? He gets to do what he wants and is financially independent for doing just that. Most can only dream about it.
Myself - I do not come within a million miles to his professional level, but I still have managed to do just that - I develop what I want, how I want and get paid for it. I am 64 and still design and develop actively for my own company and for clients. Gives me happiness, motivation to stay alert and more than enough time to still do my hobbies (mostly various outdoor activities).
Why would he want to do that, though?
Why would you even think that these sort of exceptional people would even be interested in mere jobs?
These are people who are solo auteurs; something in them feels a need to express themselves in full creativity without restraint in any domain they choose to focus on. That is what makes them unique because they are the few who can change Science into Art and make it seem effortless. The common man calls them "Geniuses" but it is actually a way of living, thinking and training.
Much of Society's institutions, companies, jobs etc. is designed to get the most out of the average person which does not work for creative individuals. To measure the latter using the yardstick for average is foolish in the extreme. This is why true Scientists/Researchers/Artists etc. need to be treated very differently from the "common" man.
For all the hoopla about Corporations/Companies/Groups/Teams etc. in the modern world, all our civilizational breakthroughs have emerged from a single individual or a small group of individuals.
https://www.amarisoft.com/
https://www.amarisoft.com/company/about-us
https://bellard.org/lte/
- https://read.gov/aesop/005.html
> Many times there are certain chunks which will occur many times in the code of a program. Instead of taking the time to translate them all separately, QEMU stores the chunks and their native translation, next time simply executing the native translation instead of doing translation a second time. Thus, Bellard invented the first processor emulator that could achieve near native performance in certain instances.
JIT is about as old as Fabrice, or even older depending on what you consider a modern JIT.
If you leave out the JIT part, binary translation dates back to at least 1966 (Honeywell).
> Compatibility with the IBM/1400 Series has, of course, been a key factor in the success of the Series 200. The principal software components in Honeywell's "Liberator" approach are the Easytran translators, which convert Autocoder source programs written for the IBM machines into Easycoder source programs which can be assembled and run on Series 200/2000 systems, usually with little or no need for manual alterations. The Easytran routines have effectively overcome the minor differences between the instruction sets and assembly languages of the two systems in literally hundreds of installations.
from https://bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/datapro/70C-480-01_7404_...
https://cdnibm1401.azureedge.net/1401-Competition.html
It appears that Honeywell Liberator was a program to convert 1401 assembly to Easycoder, the Honeywell 200 assembly format.
For instance Marco Ternelli’s dynamic binary translator ZM/HT dates back to 1993, when it was published by Ergon Development. It translates Z80 to 68000 machine code on the fly and was a successful commercial product. I’d be interested to hear of earlier JIT binary to binary implementations, especially others which coped with self-modifying code, without which ZM/HT wouldn’t have been very useful.
Self-unpacking executables are at least a decade older, and Fabrice quite likely had Microsoft’s 1985 EXEPACK written by Reuben Borman, on his computer when he came up with LZEXE. Both were preceded by Realia’s Spacemaker product, which Wikipedia says was written by Robert B. K. Dewar in 1982.
This technique has since been dropped by QEMU, but something similar is now used by the Python JIT. These days QEMU uses Tiny Code Generator, originally forked out of TCC though by now the source is probably unrecognizable except in the function names.
This doesn't make Fabrice a lesser man, but truth is truth.
Always interesting when people as talented as Bellard manage to (apparently) never write a "full-on" GUI-fronted application, or more specifically, a program that sits between a user with constantly shifting goals and workflows and a "core" that can get the job done.
I would not want to dismiss or diminish by any amount the incredible work he has done. It's just interesting to me that the problems he appears to pick generally take the form of "user sets up the parameters, the program runs to completion".
He has his favorite niche intellectual and technical subjects, where all his big and small projects are explorations of that space from various angles. It's a lesser concern whether the result has business value, or wider public appeal. He's more of a researcher and scientist.
It's not that cut and dried. The application I work on has some notable chunks of assembly code, lots of tricky multithreaded realtime lock free code involving threads, atomics, RCU and more ... and ... a GUI that lets the user continuously interact with it.
Oh, and we use ffmpeg for video decoding/encoding :)
The "full-on GUI-fronted application" is two different problems.
PROBLEM_A = create a minimal interface (arguments to application) and focus on making robust logic that is fit for use and purpose.
PROBLEM_B = make users who resist/object to a minimal interface happy by satisfying an unbounded set of requirements involving a changing stack of tools and OS dependencies.
The latter effort can expand to consume the time and energy of entire teams of people.
One can easily imagine (and I think they even exist) GUI front ends for ffmpeg that let a user set up a conversion "more easily" than they might find it using the command line. Bellard has chosen not to do this (lots of entirely fine reasons), but even if you use such a GUI front end the use of ffmpeg still consists of "set the parameters and let the program run". At some point after clicking "Run" (or whatever the button says), then just like after press "Return", the ffmpeg process will have completed its work, and that particular user interaction is over.
By contrast, a video and/or audio editor is really an entirely different beast, in which the user is continually adjusting any and all parameters and states of the project, expecting undo/redo histories, and so on and so forth. There is essentially no "completion state" for the application to reach.
I'm just curious that Bellard seems never to have tackled this kind of application (as is absolutely his right to do, or not do). I'm curious because it creates an entirely different class of programming problems from the "set-and-run" type of application (though they also obviously overlap in many important areas).
If you accept that there is some similarity to game development or a real piloting system for an aircraft, these complex adjustments would be split among components to be developed and tested separately and then integrated.
Bellard wrote an emacs-type text editor, with full html rendering support, Unicode, X11 GUI, ... in the early 2000s!
- qemu user mode
- tcc
- ts_zip
1 more comments available on Hacker News