Dead Soldiers' Teeth Reveal Diseases That Doomed Napoleon's Army
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Ancient DnaHistorical EpidemiologyNapoleon's Army
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Ancient Dna
Historical Epidemiology
Napoleon's Army
Researchers analyzed DNA from the teeth of Napoleon's soldiers to reveal the diseases that contributed to their downfall, sparking discussion on the intersection of history, epidemiology, and archaeology.
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2 things: A)decimated means 1 in 10, not 9 in 10. B) according to the wiki article, Napoleon had already lost 75% of his initial fighting force by the time he got to Moscow, before the withdrawal.
I am not sure an article on biology should include much history--I would certainly hope it did a better job on the biology...
Decimate is a word that often raises hackles, at least those belonging to a small but committed group of logophiles who feel that it is commonly misused. The issue that they have with the decline and fall of the word decimate is that once upon a time in ancient Rome it had a very singular meaning: “to select by lot and kill every tenth man of a military unit.” However, many words in English descended from Latin have changed and/or expanded their meanings in their travels. For example, we no longer think of sinister as meaning “on the left side,” and delicious can describe things both tasty and delightful. Was the “to kill every tenth man” meaning the original use of decimate in English? Yes, but not by much. It took only a few decades for decimate to acquire its broader, familiar meaning of “to severely damage or destroy,” which has been employed steadily since the 17th century.
Heck, I've reminded about false friends. For example library ("librărie") in Romanian is the place where you buy books, not rent them.
Bodies like the Académie Française do try to promote language standards ('enforce' is probably not the right word). But I'm not sure how successful they are.
Language is what people speak not what people proscribe in books or the internet.
This mentality seems to be prevalent in the USA, in Germany, on the opposite, many people see this topic differently - just because a lot of people use a certain word/term wrong does not make it right.
If people knew how many words were just "made up" in the last couple centuries to match the vocabulary of Latin or French... they'd lose their mind
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literally
Apologists for language attrition will assert that converging language into a handful of very simple words is doubleplusgood, and we should embrace the dumbification because that's 'just how languages work'.
But for a historical article, I did expect a slightly more nuanced take.
This whole topic is debated.
2. Good dental health has always been part of the screening to join a professional army
(parent comment was posted before we merged the threads)
[1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_in_burning_...
Also what surprises me, after years of several revolutions and chaos in France, how could Napoleon gather such a large army.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition
Conscription + France was basically the China of Europe at that point: it was almost as populated as the rest of Europe combined.
France then had a very, very, early demographic transition which dramatically limited its population. Had France followed the demographic path of England or Germany, France would have around 250M inhabitants today.
That doesn't seem to be correct. From Wikipedia: "During the Middle Ages, more than one-quarter of Europe's total population was French;[8] by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_France
You think a heavily defeated Napoleon would help him a lot in that matter? Realistically, there was no third option, going in guaranteed than one of them would be heavily defeated.
At that point in time, Napoleon was in command of the largest and most heavily armed military force in history. And he assembled it to go beg the Tsar to blockade a third country? It doesn't make any sense.
1. Napoleon's goal was to pursue and defeat the Russian army in the field, not necessarily capture cities. Going north would have meant releasing the pressure on the main russian field armies and let them engage his main force at their discretion while exposing his flank.
2. St. Petersburg remained the political and economic capital of Russia; St. Petersburg never displaced Moscow in real world importance.
3. St. Petersburg was shielded from land and sea with prepared fortifications on both and Napoleon lacked a fleet to effectively blockade it.
4. Its in the middle of a very dense forest and swamp, not the the best logistics and ability to maintain a siege.
The Nazis made the same choice in WWII and even though they were able to control the Baltics and had Finland as an ally never seriously threatened to take the city.
There was an 18 month siege of SP during WWII. SP starved and people there resorted to cannibalism to survive. I don't remember if it was ever taken but the Germans definitely tried to. And the situation there was ghoulish, so even if they didn't, they almost did.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German–Soviet_Axis_talks
https://brilliantmaps.com/napoleons-invasion-infograhic/
> If I would take S.P., I would hold Russia by the head. If I take Kiev, I will hold Russia by legs. If I take Moscow, I will reach right into its heart!"
https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/27588/why-did-na...
We are brotherly feasts commemorating,
firmly: “Were the tribes,
Disaster threatening Russia;
Not all eh Europe there was?
Whose star led her!..
But we began to train hard pyatoyu
And chest took the pressure
tribes, obedient to the will of the proud,
And is was an unequal dispute.
And what? a disastrous escape,
kichas, they have forgotten now;
Lost Russian bayonet and snow,
Pogrebshy their glory in the desert.
Familiar feast beckons them again -
Chmielna for them Slavyanov blood;
But it will be hard for a hangover;
But guests will long dream
on close, cold Novosel,
Under the northern cereal fields!
> Borrelia recurrentis is a bacterium that causes relapsing fever, which is transmitted by body lice.
Saved you a click
You could only save somebody time if they skipped the content and started doing comments on HN anyhow, but that’s not all the information either, just a couple key points.
as is customary
One begins to suspect that the reason Kutuzov replaced Barkley was for a sort of reverse-DEI reasons.
The French at the time were busy inventing nationalism. Someone suitably aristocratic could find a place as an officer basically anywhere.
No contribution to military logistics or motor pool related just in case anyone else is tempted to read up on him to find out.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tol... - moved to St Petersburg around the age of 3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration - born in Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein - born near Kyiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Ostermann-... - part of Russian nobility; the Ostermann name came from his great-uncles.